A History of the Guillotine in Europe

The guillotine is one of European historys most bloody icons. Although designed with the best of intentions, this hugely recognizable machine soon became associated with events that have overshadowed both its heritage and its development: the French Revolution. Yet, despite such a high profile and chilling reputation, histories of la guillotine remain muddled, often differing on quite basic details. Learn about the events that brought the guillotine to prominence, and also the machines place in a broader history of decapitation which, as far as France is concerned, finished only recently. Pre-Guillotine Machines — the Halifax Gibbet Although older narratives may tell you that the guillotine was invented in the late 18th century, most recent accounts recognize that similar decapitation machines have a long history. The most famous, and possibly one of the earliest, was the Halifax Gibbet, a monolithic wooden structure which was supposedly created from two fifteen foot high uprights capped by a horizontal beam. The blade was an axe head, attached to the bottom of a four and a half foot wooden block that slid up and down via grooves in the uprights. This device was mounted on a large, square, platform which was itself four foot high. The Halifax Gibbet was certainly substantial, and may date from as early as 1066, although the first definite reference is from the 1280s. Executions took place in the towns Market Place on Saturdays, and the machine remained in use until April 30th, 1650. Pre-Guillotine Machines in Ireland Another early example is immortalized in the picture The execution of Murcod Ballagh near to Merton in Ireland 1307. As the title suggests, the victim was called Murcod Ballagh, and he was decapitated by equipment which looks remarkably similar to the later French guillotines. Another, unrelated, picture depicts the combination of a guillotine style machine and a traditional beheading. The victim is lying on a bench, with an axe head held above his neck by some sort of mechanism. The difference lies in the executioner, who is shown wielding a large hammer, ready to strike the mechanism and drive the blade down. If this device existed, it may have been an attempt to improve the accuracy of the impact. Use of Early Machines There were many other machines, including the Scottish Maiden — a wooden construction based directly on the Halifax Gibbet, dating from the mid 16th century — and the Italian Mannaia, which was famously used to execute Beatrice Cenci, a woman whose life is obscured by clouds of myth. Beheading was usually reserved for the wealthy or powerful as it was considered to be nobler, and certainly less painful, than other methods; the machines were similarly restricted. However, the Halifax Gibbet is an important, and often overlooked, exception, because it was used to execute anyone breaking the relevant laws, including the poor. Although these decapitation machines certainly existed — the Halifax Gibbet was alleged to have been only one out of a hundred similar devices in Yorkshire — they were generally localized, with a design and use unique to their region; the French guillotine was to be very different. Pre-Revolutionary Methods of French Execution Many methods of execution were used across France in the early 18th century, ranging from the painful, to the grotesque, bloody and painful. Hanging and burning were common, as were more imaginative methods, such as tying the victim to four horses and forcing these to gallop in different directions, a process that tore the individual apart. The rich or powerful could be beheaded with axe or sword, while many suffered the compilation of death and torture that comprised hanging, drawing and quartering. These methods had a twofold purpose: to punish the criminal  and to act as a warning for others; accordingly, the majority of executions took place in public. Opposition to these punishments was slowly growing, due mainly to the ideas and philosophies of the Enlightenment thinkers — people such as Voltaire and Locke — who argued for humanitarian methods of execution. One of these was Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin; however, it is unclear whether the doctor was an advocate of capital punishment, or someone who wanted it to be, ultimately, abolished. Dr. Guillotins Proposals The  French Revolution  began in 1789, when an attempt to relieve a financial crisis exploded very much in the faces of the monarchy. A meeting called an Estates General transformed into a National Assembly which seized control of the moral and practical power at the heart of France, a process which convulsed the country, re-shaping the countrys social, cultural and political makeup. The legal system was reviewed immediately. On October 10th 1789 — the second day of the debate about Frances penal code — Dr. Guillotin proposed six articles to the  new Legislative Assembly, one of which called for decapitation to become the sole method of execution in France. This was to be carried out by a simple machine, and involve no torture. Guillotin presented an etching that illustrated one possible device, resembling an ornate, but hollow, stone column with a falling blade, operated by an effete executioner cutting the suspension rope. The machine was also hidden from the vi ew of large crowds, according with Guillotins view that execution should be private and dignified. This suggestion was rejected; some accounts describe the Doctor being laughed, albeit nervously, out of the Assembly. Narratives often ignore the other five reforms: one asked for a nationwide standardisation in punishment, while others concerned the treatment of the criminals family, who were not to be harmed or discredited; property, which was not to be confiscated; and corpses, which were to be returned to the families. When Guillotin proposed his articles again on December 1st 1789, these five recommendations were accepted, but the beheading machine was, again, rejected. Growing Public Support The situation developed in 1791, when the Assembly agreed — after weeks of discussion — to retain the death penalty; they then began to discuss a more humane and egalitarian method of execution, as many of the previous techniques were felt to be too barbaric and unsuitable. Beheading was the preferred option, and the Assembly accepted a new, albeit repetitive, proposal by the Marquis Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, decreeing that Every person condemned to the death penalty shall have his head severed. Guillotins notion of a decapitation machine began to grow in popularity, even if the Doctor himself had abandoned it. Traditional methods like the sword or axe could prove messy and difficult, especially if the executioner missed or the prisoner struggled; a machine would not only be fast and reliable, but it would never tire. Frances main executioner, Charles-Henri Sanson, championed these final points. The First Guillotine Is Built The Assembly — working through Pierre-Louis Roederer, the Procureur gà ©nà ©ral — sought advice from Doctor Antoine Louis, the Secretary of the Academy of Surgery in France, and his design for a quick, painless, decapitation machine was given to Tobias Schmidt, a German Engineer. It is unclear whether Louis drew his inspiration from existing devices, or whether he designed from afresh. Schmidt built the  first guillotine  and tested it, initially on animals, but later on human corpses. It comprised two fourteen-foot uprights joined by a crossbar, whose internal edges were grooved and greased with tallow; the weighted blade was either straight, or curved like an axe. The system was operated via a rope and pulley, while the whole construction was mounted on a high platform. The final testing took place at a hospital in Bicà ªtre, where three carefully chosen corpses — those of strong, stocky men — were successfully beheaded. The first execution took place on April 25th, 1792, when a highwayman called Nicholas-Jacques Pelletier was killed. Further improvements were made, and an independent report to Roederer recommended a number of changes, including metal trays to collect blood; at some stage the famous angled blade was introduced and the high platform abandoned, replaced by a basic scaffold. The Guillotine Spreads Throughout France This improved machine was accepted by the Assembly, and copies were sent to each of the new territorial regions, named Departments. Pariss own was initially based at the place de  Carroussel, but the device was frequently moved. In the aftermath of Pelletiers execution the contraption became known as the Louisette or Louison, after Dr. Louis; however, this name was soon lost, and other titles emerged. At some stage, the machine became known as the  Guillotin, after Dr. Guillotin — whose main contribution had been a set of legal articles — and then finally la guillotine. It is also unclear precisely why, and when, the final e was added, but it probably developed out of attempts to rhyme Guillotin in poems and chants. Dr Guillotin himself wasnt very happy at being adopted as the name. The Machine Open to All The guillotine may have been similar in form and function to other, older, devices, but it broke new ground: an entire country officially, and unilaterally, adopted this decapitation machine for all of its executions. The same design was shipped out to all the regions, and each was operated in the same manner, under the same laws; there was supposed to be no local variation. Equally, the guillotine was designed to administer a fast and painless death to anyone, regardless of age, sex or wealth, an embodiment of such concepts as equality and humanity. Before the French Assemblys 1791 decree beheading was usually reserved for the rich or powerful, and it continued to be in other parts of Europe; however, Frances guillotine was available to all. The Guillotine Is Quickly Adopted Perhaps the most unusual aspect of the guillotines history is the sheer speed and scale of its adoption and use. Born out of a discussion in 1789 that had actually considered banning the death penalty, the machine had been used to kill over 15,000 people by the Revolutions close in 1799, despite not being fully invented until the middle of 1792. Indeed, by 1795, only a year and a half after its first use, the guillotine had decapitated over a thousand people in Paris alone. Timing certainly played a part, because the machine was introduced across France only months before a bloody new period in the revolution: The Terror. The Terror In 1793, political events caused a new governmental body to be introduced: The  Committee of Public Safety. This was supposed to work quickly and effectively, protecting the Republic from enemies and solving problems with the necessary force; in practice, it became a dictatorship run by Robespierre. The committee demanded the arrest and execution of anyone who either by their conduct, their contacts, their words or their writings, showed themselves to be supporters of tyranny, of federalism, or to be enemies of liberty (Doyle, The  Oxford History of the French Revolution, Oxford, 1989 p.251). This loose definition could cover almost everyone, and during the years 1793-4 thousands were sent to the guillotine. It is important to remember that, of the many who perished during the terror, most were not guillotined. Some were shot, others drowned, while in Lyon, on the 4 to the 8th of December 1793, people were lined up in front of open graves and shredded by grape-shot from cannons. Despite this, the guillotine became synonymous with the period, transforming into a social and political symbol of equality, death and the Revolution. The Guillotine Passes Into Culture It is easy to see why the quick, methodical, movement of the machine should have transfixed both France and Europe. Every execution involved a fountain of blood from the victims neck, and the sheer number of people being beheaded could create red pools, if not actual flowing streams. Where executioners once prided themselves on their skill, speed now became the focus; 53 people were executed by the Halifax Gibbet between 1541 and 1650, but some guillotines exceeded that total in a single day. The gruesome images coupled easily with morbid humour, and the machine became a cultural icon affecting fashion, literature, and even childrens toys. After the Terror, the Victims Ball became fashionable: only relatives of the executed could attend, and these guests dressed with their hair up and their necks exposed, mimicking the condemned. For all the fear and bloodshed of the Revolution, the guillotine doesnt appear to have been hated or reviled, indeed, the contemporary nicknames, things like the national razor, the widow, and Madame Guillotine seem to be more accepting than hostile. Some sections of society even referred, although probably largely in jest, to a  Saint Guillotine  who would save them from tyranny. It is, perhaps, crucial that the device was never associated wholly with any one single group, and that Robespierre himself was guillotined, enabling the machine to rise above petty party politics, and establish itself as an arbiter of some higher justice. Had the guillotine been seen as the tool of a group who became hated, then the guillotine might have been rejected, but by staying almost neutral it lasted, and became its own thing. Was the Guillotine to Blame? Historians have debated whether The Terror would have been possible without the guillotine, and its widespread reputation as a humane, advanced, and altogether revolutionary piece of equipment. Although water and gunpowder laid behind much of the slaughter, the guillotine was a focal point: did the population accept this new, clinical, and merciless machine as their own, welcoming its common standards when they might have balked at mass hangings and separate, weapon based, beheadings? Given the size and death toll of other European incidents within the same decade, this might be unlikely; but whatever the situation, la guillotine had become known across Europe within only a few years of its invention. Post-Revolutionary Use The history of the guillotine does not end with the French Revolution. Many other countries adopted the machine, including Belgium, Greece, Switzerland, Sweden and some German states; French colonialism also helped to export the device abroad. Indeed, France continued to use, and improve upon, the guillotine for at least another century. Leon Berger, a carpenter and executioners assistant, made a number of refinements in the early 1870s. These included springs to cushion the falling parts (presumably repeated use of the earlier design could damage the infrastructure), as well as a new release mechanism. The Berger design became the new standard for all French guillotines. A further, but very  short lived,  change  occurred under the executioner Nicolas Roch in the late 19th century; he included a board at the top to cover the blade, hiding it from an approaching victim. Rochs successor had the screen swiftly removed. Public executions continued in France until 1939, when Eugene Weidmann became the last open-air victim. It had thus taken nearly one hundred and fifty years for the practice to comply with Guillotins original wishes, and be hidden from the public eye. Although the machines use had gradually fallen after the revolution, executions in Hitlers Europe rose to a level that neared, if not exceeded, that of The Terror. The last State use of the guillotine in France occurred on September 10th  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹1977,  when Hamida Djandoubi was executed; there should have been another in 1981, but the intended victim, Philippe Maurice, was granted clemency. The death penalty was abolished in France that same year. The  Infamy of the Guillotine There have been many methods of execution used in Europe, including the mainstay of hanging and the more recent firing squad, but none have quite the lasting reputation or imagery as the guillotine, a machine which continues to provoke fascination. The guillotines creation is often blurred into the, almost immediate, period of its most famous use and the machine has become the most characteristic element of the French Revolution. Indeed, although the history of decapitation machines stretches back at least eight hundred years, often involving constructions that were almost identical to the guillotine, it is this later device which dominates. The guillotine is certainly evocative, presenting a chilling image entirely at odds with the original intention of a painless death. Dr. Guillotin Finally, and contrary to legend, Doctor Joseph Ignace Guillotin was not executed by his own machine; he lived until  1814,  and died of biological causes.

Violation Of Twelfth Amendment Throughout The Digital Age

Title: Violation of 4th Amendment in the digital age. Intro: Imagine being watched at every hour, every minute, every second, of the day, WITHOUT consent. Not just you, but your wife or husband, your children, nieces, nephews, and for some grandchildren. One of the many things that Americans value and are proud to defend with their very lives, is having the right to have rights. Now when those same rights then become endangered, the last thing a person would think is that the same people who make the laws and created the possibility for them to have rights, the same rights that are now being endangered, would violate them. Because the father of these rights, the government, have now violated what they set forth decades ago; the 4th Amendment. Essentially the government has violated the trust and safety of the people. And have instead of allowing people to be safe and worry free from the many spying and surveillance programs throughout, have allowed only those who resemble themselves, which is nobody but their selves, to have true access to these audio and video files with no-holds-barred. Violation of the 4th Amendment in its truest form. P#1:- The Fourth Amendment of the United States originally was set forth to protect citizens from unreasonable search and seizures and requires any law enforcement official to establish probable cause to acquire a warrant from a court part, which is also a part of the Bill of Rights that. It was introduced to congress in 1789 by JamesShow MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pages Management Accounting: Pathways to Progress (CIMA, 1994), and Management and Cost Accounting (Prentice Hall, 2005). Al has also edited Management Accounting: European Perspectives (Oxford University Press, 1996) and Management Accounting in the Digital Economy (Oxford University Press, 2003). He has written numerous articles in scholarly publications and serves on the editorial boards of several journals. He has undertaken management accounting-related fieldwork in a variety of global enterprises

Poverty Of A Indebted Poor Countries ( Hipc ) A Project By...

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Marketing Plan for Kickstart - 3512 Words

Kickstart Marketing Plan Author: EcD BUS 620: Managerial Marketing Dr. Jan T. March 17, 2013 Introduction This paper presents a marketing plan for Kickstart, a new product launched February 25, 2013 from Mountain Dew and PepsiCo in the United States. PepsiCo is a beverage and snack company worldwide and Mountain Dew’s Kickstart is launching out â€Å"’a new way to do mornings’ with Kickstart, a fruit-flavored caffeinated Mountain Dew beverage† (www.kickstart.com). Kickstart is advertised to present an â€Å"alternative to traditional morning beverages – one that tastes great, includes real fruit juice and has just the right amount of kick to help them start their days (www.kickstart.com). This plan analyzes Kickstart’s 4Ps†¦show more content†¦(McRae, 2013). For Kickstart, these industry trends can be leveraged significantly. 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Patriots in Lower Canada Free Essays

Quebec is known as the homeland of the French-speaking Canadians. Its uniqueness in culture was guaranteed by the British North American Act and is a cornerstone of Confederation. Prime Minister Pearson encouraged and advertised the idea of making the Canada as a homeland for French-Canadians and not merely for the Quebec. We will write a custom essay sample on Patriots in Lower Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 In 1837, both Upper and Lower Canada had their rebellion opposing the proposed union between the two halves of Canada. The Canadian Patriots who are the Quebecers would like to separate from the British colonialism and led themselves in any affair which for their own benefits. This rebellion was not materialized and there were twelve Patriots in Lower Canada who were put to death and hung in Montreal. Aside from that, there were sixty patriots who were exiled to Australia. In Upper Canada’s case, the rebels who had rebellion were also sent to Australia. After this incident, the Durham report came out and tried to have solutions for the French-Canadian feud. 2 According to Claude Belanger that Durham suggested the â€Å"joining of the Upper and Lower Canada into one legislative union having two administrations to institute responsible government as to remove a major source of friction that had existed between the government and elected officials prior 1837 to assimilate the French†. 3 _______________________ 1. Opinion; Bridging the Solitudes. www. uni. ca/threads/d12. html 2. ibid. 3. C. Belanger. The Durham Report, the Union Act and the Birth of the Separatist/Federalist Attitudes. http://www2. marianopolis. edu/quebechistory/readings/durham. htm *Durham Report Durham report contributed much in the history of Canada. It was able to analyze the root causes of rebellions. Durham’s report has four main topics; these are the causes of conflict in Upper Canada, causes of conflict in Lower Canada, the Union of the Canadas and responsible government. 4 The earl of Durham whose name was John George Lambton introduced the Durham report to the Colonial Office in February 4, 1839 but Durham report was consummated in January 1839 that was why it was officially introduced in the following month by the said earl of Durham. 5 After the rebellion in 1837, earl John George Lampton was designated as governor general of British North America with special power as lord high commissioner6 to inspect colonial grievances. He arrived in the spring of 1838 in Quebec. The report of earl John George Lampton called â€Å"Report on the Affairs of British North America† was one of the most significant documents in the British Empire history. 7 The report on the affairs of British North America made by Durham report suggested reforms as the creation of municipal governments and a supreme court. According to David Mills on his website that Durham condemned the â€Å"defective constitutional system in Upper Canada where power was monopolized by a petty, corrupt, insolent Tory clique†. Durham was able to narrate the dilemmas as racial and not political based in Lower Canada. He was able to found out that there were two nations fighting in the heart of one state. 8 __________________________ 4. Radical Jack and the Union of the Canadas. www. sd22. bc. ca/vss/library/CBenz/8-3. html 5. D Mills, Durham Report. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Thecanadianecyclopedia. com/index. cfm? PgNm=TCEParams=A1ARTA0002473 6. The History of Canada. Durham Report. www. linksnorth. com/canada-history/thedurham. htm 7. ibid. Durham suggested the assimilation of the French Canadians through the legislative union of the Canada to secure harmony and progress9 which they have had between 1791 and 1837. 10 This report of Durham was favored by the reformers in UC and NS which in favored the idea of responsible government but was not accepted by the Upper Canada’s Tory elite. The Montreal Tories showed their support to the union for having a reason of finding it as a way of overcoming the French Canadian opposition for their plans in economic development . 11 Durham report was mistakenly perceived about its suggestion in assimilating the French Canadians that it came from an intolerant, racist attitude. Durham had his three reasons why he suggested assimilation. The following reasons of Durham report are taken from Claude Belanger: â€Å"*There was, for a variety of reasons, some of which disclose intolerance on the part of Durham, a deadly animosity between the English and the French and this made efficient government of the province impossible. *One should consider who will dominate eventually on this continent; the French of Canada will suffer the fate of the Acadians of Louisiana. If the French cling to their ancestral ways and language, in a continent increasingly dominated by the English, they will put increasingly in a position of hopeless economic and social inferiority. *Because they are French, a spirit of __________________________ 8. Mills, op. cit. 9. ibid. 10. Belanger, op. cit. 11. ibid. exclusion (read: they have been victims of discrimination) has kept them out of the better positions in government and business and has furthered their position of inferiority†. 12 As a whole, Durham report regarding his recommendations for separation of powers between colonial and imperial obligations was not accepted. He has one significant mistake of judgment when he stated that the French-speaking Canadians might be influenced by a growing English-speaking majority. 14 When Earl John George Lampton was in Quebec for his few months of staying there, he was busy gathering information which was needed for his report. On the other hand, he was attacked by his political opponents at his own homeland and received great criticism from them. 15 After few months of investigation, Earl John George Lampton was able to go home, England, to give his findings about the dilemmas in Canada. He was not able to witness the action that was taken according by his report because he was ill and died after. 16 But indeed, Durham report was able to played a significant role in the progress of Canadian autonomy. 17   12. Mills, op. cit. 13. C. Belanger 14. Mills, op. cit. 15. History of Canada, op. cit 16. †¦ 17. ibid. References 1. Opinion, Bridging the Solitudes. www. uni. ca/threads/d12. html 2. Claude Belanger. The Durham Report, the Union Act and the Birth of the Separatist/FederalistAttitudes. http://www2. marianopolis. edu/quebechistory/readings/durham. htm 3. D Mills, Durham Report. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Thecanadianecyclopedia. com/index. cfm? PgNm=TCEParams=A1ARTA0002473 4. The History of Canada. Durham Report. www. linksnorth. com/canada-history/thedurham. htm 5. Radical Jack and the Union of the Canadas. www. sd22. bc. ca/vss/library/CBenz/8-3. html How to cite Patriots in Lower Canada, Papers

Effect of Violence on Television and Video Games

Queston: Find something in a movie, television show, book, video game, current event, personal experience, etc., and write about how it relates to psychology. Answer: Introduction Virtually since the time of dawn of television, its impact has been a major concern for parents, teachers and legislators. One of the most special concerns has been the use of violence in the media as well as the video games. As per Bryant Vorderer (2013), media violence can desensitize people to violence in the real world and that, for some people, watching violence in the media becomes enjoyable and does not result in the anxious arousal that is generally expected after watching it. This study discusses the impact of violent movies and video games on the psychology. Effect of violence on television In a violent television program viewers may or may not get into the identification with a violent character. People are more likely to behave aggressively themselves when they get to identify themselves in context to a violent character. In case of children whatever they hear or see in the media tends to have an effect on them in some or the other way. Learning of aggressive attitude and behaviour, desensitization or the increase in the callousness for the victims of violence, inclination or exaggeration of fear of becoming a victim by some means of violence are some of the consequences which have a psychological decline among the viewers (Mller et al.2012). While all of these effects reflect adverse outcomes, it is the first an increased propensity for violent behaviour that is at the core of public health concern about televised violence. The statistical relationship between childrens exposure to violent portrayals and their subsequent aggressive behaviour has been shown to be st ronger than the relationship between asbestos exposure and the risk of laryngeal cancer; there is no controversy in the medical, public health, and social science communities about the risk of harmful effects from childrens exposure to media violence. Rather, there is strong consensus that exposure to media violence is a significant public health concern as well. In view of Ramos et al. (2013), most violence on television are either glamorized or sanitized. Glamorized refers to the fact that most of the violence in the television is performed by the most glamorous character in the show, and they do not suffer remorse, criticism, or penalty for the violent behaviour. More than a third of the violence is performed by attractive characters, and more than two thirds of the violence being committed get away with no punishment at all. Sanitized refers to the failure of the portrayals in showing realistic harms to the respective victims. Pain and suffering which are immediate is included in less than half of the violent scenes in the show. More than one third of the violent interactions depict unrealistic and mild negative consequences to the victims, which considerably understates the severity of the injury caused by certain actions in the actual practical world (Gunter Harrison, 2013). Hence most of the violent shows tend to be sanitized which sh ows minimum harm to the victims visually but it has psychological effects in other ways. Chronic exposure to violent depictions can cause desensitization to violence which means that the viewers may more willingly accept violence from other people and perpetrate violent activities by themselves also. The over exposure of an individual to violence, and especially the one which is portrayed in a realistic manner, may lead viewers, more likely children to believe that it is unsafe to live on earth because it is probably not a secure place to be in (Gentile Bushman, 2012). Overestimation of the possibility that ultimately there are chances of them to become victims of violent activities is highly expected and leads to the increased undue stress, tension and anxiety. Shows like CSI: Crime Scene Investigations, House M.D are shows which have been considered to have effects on viewers. However, the effects can include learning and enjoying the show but not get negatively affected or may result in psychological effects which include violent streaks, tension of being a victim. Effect of violent video games The advent of video games like the "Call of Duty" and "Grand Theft Auto" are very much violent, but as the concept of video gaming violence is new, it is slowly gaining pace as compared to the media violence effects. Although the entire concept raises many questions as the video game user is not only viewing it but is also directly involved by playing it. Around 90-95% of adolescents are video game players, and use various sources for it. Most of the video games have component of violence in it. This has given rise to meta-analytic reviews that show the negative effects of video games. According to Shaffer Kipp (2013), expose to violent video games is an important risk factor which leads to the increase in aggression, rude behaviour, aggressive cognition, decreased empathy and pro social behaviour. This is due to increase in the negative thoughts with the person who is playing such video games more frequently. One of the biggest problems with violent video games is that they discourage players from exercising self control within them. For example in Grand theft Auto video games the players can steal cars, kill other characters in the game including police officials, in such situations players are often rewarded instead of being punished (Greitemeyer, Traut-Mattausch Osswald, 2012). Very few psychological traits seem to remain stable from early childhood into adulthood, and fewer yet have been shown to carry out the prediction of success or failure in ones life. Another problem that affects the psychology of the young people is that the players are more likely to identify with a violent character (Mentzoni et al.2011). If the game is first person shooter then the player have the same visualization perspective as the killer. And if the game is a third person, the player tends to involve in the controlling the actions of the violent character from a more distant visual perspective. Violent games directly reward violent behaviour, by including rewarding points to the player for getting into next level. In some games, players receive verbal praising for the way the play. These effects tend to go unnoticed as people do not understand the psychological effect of the video game violence, as they understand only the biological process (Montag et al.2012). There are good theoretical reasons to believe that violent video games are even more harmful than violent television programs or movies. Aggressive behaviour is multi determined with exposure of violent video games, on the other hand, even small effects and the effect of the violent video games is small to medium in its effect size can have a very bad consequences on the societal level when many people are exposed. However, children are more likely to imitate the actions of the characters with whom they are able to identify easily. In violent video games players being the characters get to choose the weapons as well, and the process requires active participation instead of just passive observation. The repetition of the process increases the learning among the players, which tend to give a behavioural rehearsal to the players (Greenfield, 2014). Conclusion The study involves the effects of violent games and television shows on players and viewers respectively. Viewing violent television shows results in the storing of a perceptual and cognitive representation of the event with in the memory. It is drawn into the individuals thought. The discussion also mentions that among the population, children are more likely to get effected psychologically when they play violent games or watch violent television shows. It is also revealed that all these factors tend to get into mind which might also come out in the form of violent streaks or also in the form stress and tensions of getting victimized. For better understanding famous video games like Call of Duty" and "Grand Theft Auto" and television shows CSI: Crime Scene Investigations, House M.D are taken as case study. References Greenfield, P. M. (2014).Mind and media: The effects of television, video games, and computers. Psychology Press. Montag, C., Weber, B., Trautner, P., Newport, B., Markett, S., Walter, N. T., ... Reuter, M. (2012). Does excessive play of violent first-person-shooter-video-games dampen brain activity in response to emotional stimuli?.Biological psychology,89(1), 107-111. Mentzoni, R. A., Brunborg, G. S., Molde, H., Myrseth, H., Skouvere, K. J. M., Hetland, J., Pallesen, S. (2011). Problematic video game use: estimated prevalence and associations with mental and physical health.Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking,14(10), 591-596. Greitemeyer, T., Traut-Mattausch, E., Osswald, S. (2012). How to ameliorate negative effects of violent video games on cooperation: Play it cooperatively in a team.Computers in Human Behavior,28(4), 1465-1470. Shaffer, D., Kipp, K. (2013).Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. Cengage Learning. Gentile, D. A., Bushman, B. J. (2012). Reassessing media violence effects using a risk and resilience approach to understanding aggression.Psychology of Popular Media Culture,1(3), 138. Gunter, B., Harrison, J. (2013).Violence on television: An analysis of amount, nature, location and origin of violence. Routledge. Ramos, R. A., Ferguson, C. J., Frailing, K., Romero-Ramirez, M. (2013). Comfortably numb or just yet another movie? Media violence exposure does not reduce viewer empathy for victims of real violence among primarily Hispanic viewers.Psychology of Popular Media Culture,2(1), 2. Mller, I., Krah, B., Busching, R., Krause, C. (2012). Efficacy of an intervention to reduce the use of media violence and aggression: An experimental evaluation with adolescents in Germany.Journal of youth and adolescence,41(2), 105-120. Bryant, J., Vorderer, P. (Eds.). (2013).Psychology of entertainment. Routledge.

Medical Dominance, Doctor-Patient Relationship and Deviant Behavior free essay sample

When we are sick, most of the people will go to hospital and seek help from doctors, because they have professional medical knowledge to help us cope with the diseases. Moreover, they are the important professions in the society, as everyone may get sick and they are the only one to help us relieve the pain. Therefore, this thought give rise to medical dominance over patients, other health care occupations and the whole society, resulting in an imbalance social power. Firstly, whenever we are born or died, only doctors can be the one to certificate our birth and death. As everyone needs to experience these two stages, we can only take orders from them and then this doubtless increases the medical power for doctors. Secondly, most of the specialized services need the referral from general practitioner, since they serve as the first point of contact with patients; they own the right of approval over other health professions. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Dominance, Doctor-Patient Relationship and Deviant Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally, doctors are eligible to order a prescription for sick person; they have legitimated control over us and the society. All these things show that doctors are in superiority over other occupations. However, I think this phenomenon is unfair and doctors should not hold too much medical autonomy in case the overuse of power occurred. Sometimes when I watched the newspaper, there is news about the professional misconduct of doctors, for example, inappropriate sexual contact with patents, illegal or unethical prescribing, inappropriate issuing of medical certificates or keeping of medical records and so on. According to BBC news dated 5 December 2007, a top Indian doctor sought over illegal infant scans for patient, in order to let the patient knows the gender of the baby. However, medically-assisted sex selection is illegal in India to avoid abortion of girls as Indians often view a boy is superior to a girl. This reveals that doctors will also make use of their medical knowledge and power to break the law deliberately. In short, medical dominance has both advantages and disadvantages. For one thing, it benefits doctors to have autonomy to make a decision in professional practice individually, but it also entitles too much power over them to do illegal things. In my point of view, doctors should have the right to grant access to examine patients’ body function and dominance in professionalism, but they need to act for the benefits of patients and the society as a whole, rather than caring for their own interest only, and thus to be a good caring professions Another topic concerned me most is doctor-patient relationship. I think a good relationship between doctor and patient is important, because it can develop trust and care with each other to increase the efficiency of consultation. Nowadays, doctors are usually in a more prominent position than patients. It seems that doctor and patient are lack of interaction and communication; it is more likely to be a question and answer section rather than assessment. It is because based of my observations, most of the doctors just simply ask the patients’ questions like â€Å"What symptoms do you have? †, â€Å"How long do you suffer from this disease? †, â€Å"Do you suffer from any allergies? etc.. They just keep asking these kinds of question in order to quickly examine the diseases, and then said: â€Å"Next, please. † I think this kind of act is a irresponsible and totally neglect the true needs of patients.